Family of Mississippi Choctaws Dressed in Traditional Clothing
1908
For the Five
Civilized Tribes, the time of the allotment process was similar to their
Removal in the suffering and injustices that were inflicted on them. I can't
begin to list all the examples of greed, prejudice and cruelty that have been
recorded, but perhaps a few examples will give you a feeling for the period. The
first story I want to tell concerns the "Mississippi Choctaw."
In the Choctaw
removal treaty of 1830, The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, the Choctaw were
given the option of remaining in Mississippi and subjecting themselves to the
white man's laws, or of removing to Indian Territory. Much to the surprise and
disappointment of the Mississippi whites, about 1/3 of the tribe decided to
stay in their homeland. According to the treaty they were to be given
allotments and U.S. citizenship. In an attempt to force the recalcitrants to
remove, the Choctaw agent in Mississippi, William Ward, neglected to file the
Choctaws' applications for allotment, and when they complained he threatened
them. Meanwhile white settlers overran the Choctaw land, and drove the people
from their homes with or without a legal deed.
Each year after the
official removal, which took place in 1832, more and more Choctaws migrated
west to join their relatives in Indian Territory. Over the years the federal
government and also the Choctaw Nation sent several delegations to visit the
Mississippi Choctaws to convince them to join their brethren in Indian
Territory, but these efforts met with only limited success.
The following is an
excerpt from a reply given by Chief Cobb of the Mississippi Choctaws in 1843 to
Capt. J. J. McRae, during a visit with tribal leaders urging them to move to Indian
Territory.
Brother: When you were young we were strong;
we fought by your side; but our arms are now broken. You have grown large. My
people have become small.
Brother: My voice is weak; you can scarcely
hear me; it is not the shout of a warrior but the wail of an infant. I have
lost it in mourning over the misfortunes of my people. These are their graves,
and in those aged pines you hear the ghosts of the departed. - Their ashes are
here, and we have been left to protect them. Our warriors are nearly all gone
to the far country west; but here are our dead. Shall we go too, and give their
bones to the wolves?
……….
Brother: Our hearts are full. Twelve winters
ago our chiefs sold our country. Every warrior that you see here was opposed to
the treaty. If the dead could have counted, it could never have been made, but
alas! though they stood around, they could not be seen or heard. Their tears
came in the raindrops, and their voices in the wailing wind, but the pale faces
knew it not, and our land was taken away.
….. When you took our country, you promised
us land. There is your promise in the book. Twelve times have the trees dropped
their leaves, and yet we have received no land. Our houses have been taken from
us. The white man's plow turns up the bones of our fathers. We dare not kindle
our fires; and yet you said we might remain and you would give us land.
Footnote: The Rise
and Fall of the Choctaw Nation. Angie Debo, P 70
At the time of the
allotment process, several thousand Choctaws still remained in Mississippi, eking
out a living by working on cotton plantations.
While the tribal
rolls were being compiled, two tribal citizens, Robert Owen and Charles Winton devised
a scheme to profit from the plight of the Mississippi Choctaw. They secured the
support of Mississippi congressman John Sharp Williams, who represented the
district where most of the Choctaw lived, and through Williams submitted
memorials to Congress requesting land in Indian Territory for these unfortunate
Indians. Then they went to Mississippi
and made contracts with 1000 Choctaw families to obtain allotments for them for
a 50% contingency fee. If the plan had succeeded it would have meant that
several million dollars worth of Choctaw property would have been deeded to the
Mississippi Choctaws. Then 50% would have gone to Owens and Winton, and most of
the rest to Williams and his white constituents, as soon as they were able to
swindle the trusting Indians out of their property.
Fortunately the
Dawes Commission didn't fall for this scheme, but Owen and Winton later won a
judgment for $175,000 for these contracts which was paid for out of the Choctaw
trust fund.
Footnote: And Still
the Waters Run. Angie Debo. P 42 - 44
In 1898 when the
Curtis Act was passed, the Dawes Commission was directed to include the
Mississippi Choctaws on their rolls, making them eligible for allotments. This
opened up another opportunity for unscrupulous whites.
Congress had appropriated
$20,000 to bring the Mississippi Choctaws to Indian Territory. Once there each
family was to be assigned an allotment, and provided with food, a tent, and
tools with which to build a house and to begin farming. Unfortunately this project
was handled much like the Removal. Bids for the appropriation were won by land
companies whose only interest was to swindle the Indians out of their land. It
was the Removal all over again. Poor Choctaw families were crowded into boxcars
like cattle, and then housed in unsanitary barracks while real estate agents
worked on them to sign away their allotments.
The scheme didn't
work for either the Choctaws or the swindlers. Since the land was inalienable,
the contracts obtained by the real estate agents were illegal. As for the
Mississippi Choctaws. 2534 were enrolled; 1578 came to Indian Territory, but
many of those abandoned their allotments and returned to Mississippi.
Footnote: And Still the Waters Run, Angie Debo. P 44, and P 97-8.
In 1903 the Choctaw
Nation managed to present a bill creating a commission to assist their
fullbloods in choosing allotments but President Roosevelt vetoed the bill.
Footnote: Rise and
Fall of the Choctaw Nation, Angie Debo. P 277.
Over the years the
Mississippi Choctaws were used in many schemes to extract money or property
from the Choctaw estate. One was through wills. The swindler would get a
signature on a will bequeathing the Indian's allotment to him. For example in one will written in 1906 a Mississippi Choctaw bequeathed five dollars "to my dear
wife," and to the swindler, "the balance of my allotment." Instead
of waiting for a natural death many of these Indians were murdered. About 1000
such wills were declared invalid by District Judge Hosea Townsend in 1907, but after
Oklahoma statehood his decision was reversed by a state court, and that decision was later
upheld by the Supreme Court, so these fraudulent wills stood.
Footnote: And
Still the Waters Run, Angie Debo. P 113-4
After the
assignment of allotments, there was still something like $30 mil in property
and trust accounts belonging to the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes, so again the
Mississippi Choctaws became pawns of white men in an attempt to get at this wealth.
The basis for all these schemes was the assumption that once the
property or money was given to the Indians, they could easily be cheated out of
it. The Mississippi Choctaws, whose ancestors were shrewd and educated, had
lived through two generations of poverty, so they were uneducated and gullible,
especially ripe targets for the swindlers.
The Mississippi
congressional delegation was particularly active in these schemes because of
the presence of the Mississippi Choctaws in their midst. During the 1912 - 13
legislative session the Mississippi delegation, led by John Sharp Williams, the
same Congressman involved in the 1896 Mississippi Choctaw
allotment scheme, made many impassioned pleas on the floor of the Senate and House of
Representatives in behalf of the Mississippi Choctaw to obtain access to
the Choctaw trust fund.
These efforts were
allegedly made in behalf of the fullbloods but the bills were worded to include
anyone who could was remotely related by blood or marriage to a Choctaw citizen.
These scams might have been successful were it not for research done by the Choctaw
attorney, Patrick J. Hurley. He produced evidence that during 1910 and 11 speculators
had secured thousands of contracts with a contingency fee of 30% from claimants
to Indian citizenship. These companies then sold shares for $25
for twenty contracts. If the scheme worked, assuming that Choctaw citizenship
was worth $8000, the 30% contingency fee would be divided between the attorney
and the investor, so each would realize a profit of $23,000 on an investment of
$500. Another company promised a $120 return for every dollar invested. As
ludicrous as these schemes were, the Congressional debate on the issue delayed
payment of per capita distributions to legitimate Choctaw tribal members for
several years.
Footnote: And
Still: P 267 - 270
In spite of all
these efforts by their "defenders," the Mississippi Choctaws remained
in poverty, the victims of isolation and prejudice into the twentieth century.
In 1934 President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed The Indian Reorganization
Act, which enabled the Mississippi Choctaw to become a recognized tribe. In
1944, after writing a constitution and forming a government, the Mississippi
Choctaw were recognized as a separate tribe and in 1945 they were given 18,000
acres in Neshoba County, Mississippi, for a reservation. In spite of
attempts during the 1950's by federal and local governments to terminate tribal
governments, the Mississippi Choctaws survived. Since then Native Americans
have gradually won the right to develop both culturally and economically, and
now the Mississippi Choctaws are one of the largest employers in Mississippi.
In 2008 the Nanih
Waiya mound, according to tradition the site of origin of the Choctaw Tribe, was
turned over by the State of Mississippi to the Mississippi Choctaws.
(see post of 10/30/2010,
Choctaw and Chickasaw Origins)
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